Woodrow Wilson free essay sample

A look at Woodrow Wilson, the 28th president of the USA. This paper looks at the 28th president of the USA, Woodrow Wilson. The author touches on his background, the Clayton Anti-trust act, the Federal Reserve act, and The Underwood. The author also discusses women and African American rights and what Wilson did during his administration. Thomas Woodrow Wilson, the schoolmaster in politics, was our 28th president. He was born on December 28,1856 in Staunton, Virginia, son of Joseph Ruggles Wilson and Janet Jessie Woodrow Wilson. He was raised in a Scottish-Irish Presbyterian family. During the civil War, the Wilson family moved to Augusta, Georgia, where he was educated at a private school in Augusta. Woodrow Wilson free essay sample The name of the person I read about is Woodrow Wilson,but when he was young people called him Tommy. When Tommy was only a year old his father [Dry. Wilson]moved his family and him from Virginia to Augusta,Georgia. He moved in 1857. Tommys father became pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in Augusta,Georgia. Woodrow came from a strict,caring household. Dry. Wilson liked to take Woodrow places like cotton mills,iron and steel foundries,and other local industries. He did that to teach Woodrow the manufacturing processes. Dry. Wilson also taught Woodrow respect for other people.His motherless Wilson] was shy and reserved,but looked and acted like Woodrow. Woodworks life was different from mine by the way he went to school. His father taught him till he was nine,and then he went to school. Woodrow spent some of his spare time with his gang, called the Lightproof Club. We will write a custom essay sample on Woodrow Wilson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also when Woodrow was fourteen,his education was continued at a private school with fifty boys enrolled that cost seven dollars an hour. One of the parts of the book that I liked was when Woodrow Wilson won the Presidency. One of the things that helped him win was when he made two alliances. En alliance was made with Colonel Edward M. House. The other was made with William Macombs. Both of these alliances profound effect on his future. A sad Incident that happened In this story was when Woodrow suffered his paralytic stroke. Rumors spread that Woodrow was Incapable of handling even the smallest duties. Wilson kept succeeding though. There was still many people that believed in him. If I could choose one thing that Wilson did that I could do It would be a lawyer. Flirts of all most lawyers make a good living. Another thing Is that people depend on you.Affably It would be challenging for me. The main thing that Wilson Is remembered for Is being President. He really put a lot of effort Into being President. He worked hard,he acted In control,and he acted mature about the situations he was Len. The mall thing Is that he succeeded with what he was doing. Wilson was different In ways. He was business-Like In some ways,and more regular In other ways. An example of when he was business-Like was when he Is In office at his Job. An example of when he was more regular Is when he was at home. Wilson was always smart no matter what situation he was Len.Wilson was also a caring and honest person about his family and his country and also he was not selfish at all. Respect for other people. His motherless Wilson] was shy and reserved,but looked A sad incident that happened in this story was when Woodrow suffered his paralytic stroke. Rumors spread that Woodrow was incapable of handling even the smallest duties. Wilson kept succeeding though. If I could choose one thing that Wilson did that I could do it would be a lawyer. First of all most lawyers make a good living. Another thing is that people depend on you. Finally it would be challenging for me. The main thing that Wilson is remembered for is being President. He really put a lot of effort into being President. He worked hard,he acted in control,and he acted mature about the situations he was in. The main thing is that he succeeded with what Wilson was different in ways. He was business-like in some ways,and more regular in other ways. An example of when he was business-like was when he is in office at his Job. An example of when he was more regular is when he was at home. Wilson was always smart no matter what situation he was in.

The Basics of String Theory

The Basics of String Theory String theory is a mathematical theory that tries to explain certain phenomena which is not currently explainable under the standard model of quantum physics. The Basics of String Theory At its core, string theory uses a model of one-dimensional strings in place of the particles of quantum physics. These strings, the size of the Planck length (10-35 m), vibrate at specific resonant frequencies. Some recent versions of string theory have predicted that the strings could have a longer length, up to nearly a millimeter in size, which would mean theyre in the realm that experiments could detect them. The formulas that result from string theory predict more than four dimensions (10 or 11 in the most common variants, though one version requires 26 dimensions), but the extra dimensions are curled up within the Planck length. In addition to the strings, string theory contains another type of fundamental object called a brane, which can have many more dimensions. In some braneworld scenarios, our universe is actually stuck inside of a 3-dimensional brane (called a 3-brane). String theory was initially developed in the 1970s in an attempt to explain some inconsistencies with the energy behavior of hadrons and other fundamental particles of physics. As with much of quantum physics, the mathematics that apply to string theory cannot be uniquely solved. Physicists must apply perturbation theory to obtain a series of approximated solutions. Such solutions, of course, include assumptions which may or may not be true. The driving hope behind this work is that it will result in a theory of everything, including a solution to the problem of quantum gravity, and to reconcile quantum physics with general relativity, thus reconciling the fundamental forces of physics. Variants of String Theory The original string theory focused only on boson particles. Superstring theory (short for supersymmetric string theory) incorporates bosons with another particle, fermions, as well as supersymmetry to model gravity. There are five independent superstring theories: Type 1Type IIAType IIBType HOType HE M-Theory: A superstring theory, proposed in 1995, which attempts to consolidate the Type I, Type IIA, Type IIB, Type HO, and Type HE models as variants of the same fundamental physical model. One consequence of the research in string theory is the realization that there is an immense number of possible theories that could be constructed, leading some to question whether this approach will ever actually develop the theory of everything that many researchers originally hoped. Instead, many researchers have adopted a view that they are describing a vast string theory landscape of possible theoretical structures, many of which do not actually describe our universe. Research in String Theory At present, string theory has not successfully made any prediction which is not also explained through an alternative theory. It is neither specifically proven nor falsified, though it has mathematical features which give it great appeal to many physicists. A number of proposed experiments might have the possibility of displaying string effects. The energy required for many such experiments is not currently obtainable, although some are in the realm of possibility in the near future, such as possible observations from black holes. Only time will tell if string theory will be able to take a dominant place in science, beyond inspiring the hearts and minds of many physicists.

Moda Operandi A New Style of Fashion Retail Case Study

Moda Operandi A New Style of Fashion Retail - Case Study Example The essay "Moda Operandi A New Style of Fashion Retail" discovers New Style of Fashion Retail. Moda Operandi dealt with demand and tastes’ uncertainty in fashion. It also addressed the conditions (commercial and aesthetic which caused inefficiency of the system and messed about the most creative pieces of the designers. This organization allowed direct access to runway pieces and facilitated the purchase of great designs that buyers kept away from due to lack of mainstream appeal. The pre-order system allowed buyers to receive their products of choice despite their location or size of clothing. The system also gave instant feedback to designers on runway styles, thus easy prediction of demand patterns. Magnusdottir and Santo Domingo had their responsibilities split by expertise. Magnussdottir was the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and dealt with strategic planning and daily operations. Santo Domingo was the Creative Director, managed the reach of the brand and was in charge of the Moda Operandi magazine whose aim was to provide online editorial content. The founders realized that the website was essential for the success of the firm. Therefore, they hired Matt Pavelle, who was an expert in search engine marketing and e-commerce, as CTO. Other major positions of management were covered up by persons with experience and skills complementary to that of the founders. Magnusdittor and Santo Domingo positioned their firm towards the hitting end of the market. Initially, they only associated with prestigious.

Outsourcing to Foreign Countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Outsourcing to Foreign Countries - Essay Example Changes in the way in which organizations conduct business have been rapid and wide-spread as the concept of outsourcing has been introduced. It is the inherent nature of the marketplace to increase efficiency within the workplace by constantly striving to produce the most products with the least expenditure of resources. It is this concept that has driven many corporations to join in the globalization process, frequently outsourcing many of their activities and production processes to less developed countries in which this process is less expensive and requires fewer restrictions, licensing, and/or controls. â€Å"Global markets offer greater opportunity for people to tap into more and larger markets around the world. It means that they can have access to more capital flows, technology, cheaper imports and larger export markets†. Although the idea of a global market and outsourcing sounds like an ideal situation for the increased flow of goods and currencies throughout the world, as well as a possible solution for the redistribution of wealth into some of the world’s most destitute countries, â€Å"in practice, this has meant that the governments of the advanced capitalist countries, along with the I.M.F., the World Bank, and the W.T.O., have increasingly sought to force other nations to adopt market economies, privatize public companies and resources, abandon labor and environmental regulations, reduce social services, and embrace ‘free trade’ and the free movement of transnational capital†.

Manufacturing Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Manufacturing Strategy - Case Study Example The second strategy this company used in its manufacturing is a balanced approach in investment. Most of manufacturing companies in Far East did close their factories and shifted their product production in other countries. The companies that shifted their manufacturing production from one-way flow utilized a balanced approach of investing and reinvestment in other nations. Hammond and Ramman (2006) posit that the company allocated more new production territories in Hong Kong. It also allowed subcontractors to start new plants in Guangdong in China. That was based on the fact that the cost of labor in China was extremely low as compared to the cost in the Far East plant. The third strategy used by Sport Obermeyer was maintaining a careful financial discipline. This company embraced a shareholder value added system in order to determine the difference between the operating profit of the organization and the associated cost of production. The company approximates cost of production before going through a critical analysis to establish whether it could effectively compete. The company got more information on production by allowing more groups to generate forecast demand of retailers on its products. The company then used that group efforts to produce the New Year’s production line. Besides, the company used several home markets and export strategies. While some manufacturing companies typically locate manufacturing plants in a given place to satisfy customers’ demand, Sport Obermeyer Ltd embraced a double approach where it considered the demand in many markets even those found overseas. The management of the company implemented various product strategies. The first one was delivery of matching product collections to its esteemed retailers. That enabled the customers to concurrently view and buy those items simultaneously. Secondly, the management allowed

How did Television Sitcoms Change Gender Roles?

How did Television Sitcoms Change Gender Roles? How did television sitcoms change gender roles from late 50s to 60s? Television started to become a popular piece of entertainment for the family in the 50s. Television was one of the most important entertainment forms of device that entertained the family at home rather than going out[1]. As television got popular over the years, more and more people started to buy them for their house. Television took the place for piano, radio and phonograph[2]. Television was placed in the center of the family, where they would spend family time watching news to sitcoms. Television was the great family entertainer that brought mom, dad, and the kids together; while portraying different gender roles and social functions in a society[3]. Sitcoms in 1950s portrayed of having a perfect family, husband was the bread winner and the women was the house wife. Women were often showed in sitcoms as the family care of the family and also not expected to have a job. Sitcoms played a major role in the American society and played a biggest influence role on women throughout the years .1960s was the era where the perfect family construct was changed, where both men and women were shown of having jobs in sitcoms, which was different from 1950s. There was a big shift in the sitcoms, once it was shown to have a perfect family of one male worker in the family to showing both gender having a job. Television and sitcoms played a huge role into shaping up the future of the society. The American suburb was growing postwar era, a nuclear family was a basic social construct [4]. Sitcoms such as father knows best and leave it to beaver showed a perfect nuclear family construct. A womens job was to stay at home, take care of the family, cook, and make husband happy. In an episode from I love Lucy; Lucy was portrayed to follow her husbands commands. Where the man is the master, and the woman does what shes told (equal rights).ÂÂ   Usually women had to be obedient to their husbands, respect their opinion and always agree with their opinion.ÂÂ   Most of the sitcoms would show women at home taking care of the house instead of pursuing a career. A womans place is in home (leave it to beaver, Beavers house guest).ÂÂ   Sitcoms such as father knows best, Jane the mother, was always at home taking care of the children, cleaning, and making food; While the man had a different role A husband was the bread winner of the family[5]. In an episode from Father knows best, a young engineer had the ideal family vision of a hardworking man that worked hard all day that would come home to pretty wife. So when the day is over he can come home to some nice pretty wife (Betty, Girl Engineer).ÂÂ   There are many things that sitcoms portrayed about a suburban culture from Father knows best, I love Lucy, and Leave it to beaver that showed predominantly common gender role, where the husband was the bread winner and women was the home wife. Sitcom such as father knows the best played a perfect nuclear family that Americans dreamed of having. Jim played the role of the husband. He came home after work every day expecting dinner and the house to be clean. Since the men were the money provider for the family, they realized that supporting the family was hard at times. For example: in an episode Jim told the family Time has come for us to tighten our bills (The Mink Coat). This shows that Jim was the only money provider for the whole family, while the rest of the family did not know how to control their expenses. It got harder for Jim to balance the checks, since he was the only money provider for the house. In a way, Jim as a husband and father has to make his family happy but since he is the only worker of the family, sitcoms showed that man would work hard all day and come home to nice family, which was a stress reliever. While women on sitcoms had a different thinking that earning money was same as working in the home. Lucys character was mainly showed as naÃÆ'Â ¯ve, dumb, and careless with money. For example, in I love Lucy whats so tough about earning a living (Job Switching). Lucy thought that earning money was not hard, and it could be done by women as well. Sitcoms often showed that women were not mature when it came to money decision and work, while on the other had men were shown to be the mature responsible earner of the family. Sitcoms often showed women only doing the house work. They were not shown intelligent and were not encouraged to pursue any career.ÂÂ   For example: In an episode from fathers knows best in which betty signed up as wanting to be an engineer, one of bettys guy friend said but youre a girl (Betty, Girl Engineer) referring it to how men thought girls were not capable to do jobs like men. Even mothers would train their daughters to do house work and be a good wife. Youre joking (Betty, an engineer) Jane, mother of Betty took it as a joke that Betty was going to be an engineer. Sitcoms often showed that women were not expected to do big things in life such as work and earn a living. In an episode from I love Lucy, Ricky said Anybody can cook and do house work (Job Switching). Ricky the husband works in the kitchen and Lucy works in a chocolate factory. It showed in the episode how it was miserable for both the man and women to struggle for job switching. It referenced that women were better in the kitchen and man were better at earning a living. Sitcoms also showed that women were shown non intelligent even if they were working in a chocolate factory. In 1960s, there was a change in sitcoms, where women were not always shown working in the kitchen but they held some type of job on the side. Shows such as That Girl played an important role in the 1960s showing women were more than capable to work and handle house work. Ann was portrayed as a strong woman who is focused on her career. You got the job (Help Wanted) it was when Ann got a job as a secretary job. It was an important scene because it showed the viewers that women should advance in their careers instead of being a full time house wife.ÂÂ   Ann was a main character in the show, where she was portrayed as a hard working woman. Shows like That Girl, made women realize that they can be more independent. Sitcom such as That Girl tried to show that women should pursue their career instead of being rushed to their marriage and raising a family. Finally, Television played an important role in social life and gender life. Television transitioned the whole idea of gender roles. 1950s was a period of time where nuclear family was known as the dream family. In 1950s, men were the bread winner of the family and the women were the home taker of the house. The idea of nuclear family started to transition as time progressed. 1960s had a revolutionary change in sitcoms, women were shown having a job and taking care of the family, but before it was different where they were not shown to be working. Father knows best, I love Lucy, and Leave it to beaver showed how a typical family construct and showed the gender responsibility. Shows like that girl started to change the idea of a dream family and men and women were shown to be equal. Bibliography Primary sources: Father Knows the best. Betty, Girl Engineer April 11, 1956. Television Father Knows the best. The Mink Coat. April 11, 1956. Television Leave it to beaver, Beavers house guest. October 8, 1960. Television I love Lucy, job switching. September 15, 1952. Television I love Lucy, Equal Rights. October 26,1953. Television That girl, help wanted. October 20, 1966. Television Second Sources: Bogart, Leo. The Age of Television. 3rd ed., New York: Ungar, 1972. Spigel, Lynn. Make Room for TV: Television and the Family Ideal in Postwar America. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1992. Print. [1] Bogart, Leo. The Age of Television. 3rd ed., New York: Ungar, 1972. [2] Spigel, Lynn. Make Room for TV: Television and the Family Ideal in Postwar America. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1992. Print. [3] Spigel, Lynn. Make Room for TV: Television and the Family Ideal in Postwar America. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1992. Print. [4] Spigel, Lynn. Make Room for TV: Television and the Family Ideal in Postwar America. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1992. Print. [5] Spigel, Lynn. Make Room for TV: Television and the Family Ideal in Postwar America. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1992. Print.

NAFTA and Maquiladoras Essay -- Essays Papers

NAFTA and Maquiladoras The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which became effective on January 1, 1994, is a comprehensive, rules-based agreement designed to promote â€Å"free-trade† among the United States, Mexico and Canada (NAFTA Forum,1998). Although the agreement was made between three countries, it was largely the inclusion of Mexico around which most of the oppositional debate was centered (Mayer, 1998). Canada is a modern, developed nation very similar in culture and economy to the United States. Mexico, however, is considered a developing nation with an economy much weaker than the United States. Still, a prior trade agreement did exist between the United States and Mexico. Therefore, in order to properly evaluate NAFTA, we must also take into account that prior trade agreement, the Border Industrialization Program (BIP) of 1965. The increase in maquiladoras on the U.S.-Mexico border, and its inherent problems, is a direct result of the BIP (Blank & Haar, 1998). The over all impact of the BIP on the U.S.-Mexico border and the maquiladora industry has been manifold, resulting in increases in maquiladoras, border population, environmental pollution and human social and health concerns. It is also important to recognize that prior to ratification of NAFTA, the Clinton Administration demanded, under pressure by environmental and labor groups, the attachment of two side agreements concerning labor and the environment. Although still too early to tell, NAFTA appears to be amending some of the inherent problems which exist along the U.S.-Mexico border. Opposition to NAFTA must be placed in some historical context. During the 1980’s many American manufacturing jobs were being exported to Mexican maquilad... ... Legal Issues. Available at: http://www.heritage.org/library/categories/trade/bg936.html Viewed on 3/19/99. 8. Environment. 1998. United States-Mexico Chamber of Commerce. http://www.usmcoc.org/environment.html Viewed on 2/27/99. 9. NAFTA Partners Approaching Agreement on Transboundary Environmental Impact Assesment. 1999. Commission for Environmental Cooperation. Available at: http://www.cec.org/new/Data.cfm 10. McGuiness, Michael J. 1998. The Landscape of Labor Law Enforcement in North America: An Examination of Mexico’s Labor Regulatory Policy and Practice. Law and Policy in International Business. 11. Sweatshop Watch. 1998. U.S. Labor Department Review Finds Sex Bias at Border Plants in Mexico. Available at: http://www.sweatshopwatch.org/swatch/headlines/1998/sexbias_jan98.html Viewed on 3/27/99.

Living and Dining Room FurnitureÂÂ

Living and Dining Room Furniture Issues in the Market The vast majority of households struggle with storage issues. Furthermore, two fifths (42%) find it difficult to source the right size furniture for their home, while over a third (36%) struggle to store/display their possessions. This frustration with lack of space creates significant scope for new clever and flexible storage innovations in living/dining room furniture. Q: How does smaller housing stock affect demand for living/dining room furniture?A: By 2017, the number of one- and two-person households is projected to increase by 850,000. Demand for space-efficient living/dining room furniture is therefore likely to intensify during the coming years. For example, in 2013, IKEA is launching its Uppleva modular range in the UK, which has integrated smart TV, video/Blu-ray and DVD players, wireless internet systems and the different components can be tailored to fit requirements and/or the space available. Mintel’s researc h for this report shows that the vast majority of households struggle with storage issues.Furthermore, two fifths (42%) find it difficult to source the right size furniture for their home, while over a third (36%) struggle to store/display their possessions. This frustration with lack of space creates significant scope for new clever and flexible storage innovations. Q: How are companies leveraging the ‘stay at home’ trend? A: The living room has become a home entertainment hub with seating arrangements serving as part of the ‘movie’ experience, for example incorporating home comforts such as built-in fridges, cup holders and reclining seats.There is increasing connectivity between furniture and mobile devices. In April 2012, La-Z-Boy’s Gizmo range includes Bluetooth music control and speakers. CSL’s Sound Sofa offers built-in docking facilities for iPods and music speakers while the DFS Audio Sofas feature an entertainment dock for iPod/iPhon e/MP3, with built-in speakers and a sub-woofer. Neil Mason Head of Retail Research [email  protected] com Tel: +44 (0) 20 7606 4533    © 2013 Mintel Group Ltd. All rights reserved. Confidential to Mintel.Neil manages the teams that produce the European Retail Reports. Neil joined Mintel in 1995 and previously worked as Head of Fashion/Beauty and Personal Care/Household, and Head of UK Retail. Before joining Mintel, he worked in the food and publishing industries. He has a BSc in Business Studies/Marketing. Living and Dining Room Furniture Issues in the Market Since home ownership won’t become a reality for many younger consumers, investing in a home digital system that can be moved (and built up over time) is an important consideration.The internet has become an integral part of buying living/dining room furniture, with almost half of respondents browsing online before making a purchase. This compares to 30% who like to browse catalogues before buying. Q: How important is property churn to the living/dining room market? A: In Mintel’s research for this report, less than one in five respondents (18%) said that they bought living/dining room furniture when they last moved house/set up home. A similar proportion bought after redecorating/extending their living/dining room (19%) or just to get a new look/style (19%).So fluctuations in the housing market are significant but not the only driver of new purchases. The primary reason for buying living/dining room furniture is when items get worn out or broken (51% agree). It is competing for share of household goods spend and moving forward the emphasis should be on the pleasure derived from creating an inviting home environment. Women are in the driving seat when it comes to this type of furniture purchase rationalisation, with 79% saying the look/style of their living/dining room is important, compared to 64% of men.We can therefore expect to see a greater focus on targeting women using emotive tr iggers such as family, status among peers, self-indulgence etc. Q: How important is multichannel retailing to living/dining room furniture? A: The internet has become an integral part of buying living/dining room furniture, with almost half of respondents browsing online before making a purchase. This compares to 30% who like to browse catalogues before buying. At the same time, bricks-and-mortar showrooms offer clear advantages to consumers who prefer to ‘try before they buy’ (54%) and to those who ppreciate helpful and knowledgeable staff, important to over two thirds of potential shoppers (69%). Modern retailers are harnessing the advantages of all channels, for example creating augmented reality mobile phone apps, launching mobileoptimised websites, increasing in-store theatre and modernising product catalogues. Greater focus on e-commerce is seeing many of the larger retailers rationalising their store portfolio and introducing smaller store formats, while relying more on digital channels to facilitate wider product ranges, style inspiration and achieve greater geographical reach.Websites are becoming more content-rich, thus improving the online experience, similarly many retailers are investing in their stores, enhancing the physical shopper experience. Therefore the two channels are increasingly working in tandem with one another, creating more convenience and flexibility for the consumer.  © 2013 Mintel Group Ltd. All rights reserved. Confidential to Mintel. Living and Dining Room Furniture Issues in the Market The year 2012 saw these trends pick up pace as the non-specialist retailers grew their market share.Q: What are retailers doing to reduce consumer preoccupation with price? A: Promotional tactics risk becoming tired and ineffective as consumers become immune to the steady stream of promotional campaigns. Several retailers are using emotional triggers to inspire consumers to invest in their home by projecting aspirational lifestyle s and communicating a different set of value benchmarks. Some 86% of respondents cite good quality as important to their choice of furniture retailer, whereas a wide choice of styles, quick/flexible delivery and promotions/discounts also gain the same level of response.Retailers are adopting diverse and innovative tactics to detract from price-based promotions, ranging from greater online customisation of styles/colours/fabrics, highlighting softer attributes such as provenance, heritage and ethics eg Britishmade furniture, adding new exclusive brands to the mix such as Habitat (Homebase), French Connection (DFS), Jasper Conran (M&S) or introducing new own-brands which are less open to direct price comparison, or offering speedy delivery (eg CSL’s 72-hour express delivery service).While price-based promotions remain vital to driving footfall in-store, industry trends reveal more multi-layered strategies taking shape such as express delivery times, greater scope for customisat ion of design and making different channels work in harmony rather than in competition with each other eg in-store vs online. Promotional tactics risk becoming tired and ineffective as consumers become immune to the steady stream of promotional campaigns. Several retailers are using emotional triggers to inspire consumers to invest in their home by projecting aspirational lifestyles and communicating a different set of value benchmarks.

The Humane Treatment of Animals vs. Factory Farms Research Paper Example

The Humane Treatment of Animals vs. Factory Farms Research Paper Example The Humane Treatment of Animals vs. Factory Farms Paper The Humane Treatment of Animals vs. Factory Farms Paper Deanda Jones The Humane Treatment of Animals vs. Factory Farms The first questions we have to ask ourselves; do animals have rights, do they have feelings, do they feel pain, do they need as we do? To find the answer, one needs merely to think back on empirical data if one has ever owned or been around an animal, a dog or a cat, or horses or farm animals. Take for instance a mother cat. When a mother has kittens, she looks for a sheltered, warm, safe place to do so. When they are borne, she cleans her kitten instinctively until the sac it is born in is eaten and the kitten mews loudly, letting the world know she is alive and hungry. If the mother feels her babies are threatened, she will move them to a safer place, averting danger. If anything threatens her kittens, she will fight to the death to protect them. If any animal is in pain, it yelps (a dog), or mews (a cat), or moo’s (a cow). When a cow is separated from her calf, she bellows, likewise, the calf balls for its mother. When any animal is cold, it will look for shelter, in the bushes or leaves or a barn. If a puppy mill gets shut down because of its appalling conditions, such as the birthing dogs living in their own feces, and very little space to live in with no shelter, the community is outraged (some are not, I suppose) and the dogs are taken away to better homes. Animals do feel pain; they instinctively care about the members of their herd or litter. They hear and see, they suffer and feel. They form bonds to man, that if broken, they too suffer feeling of loss or abandonment. Most community’s or state’s have laws in place on the ethical treatment of animals. As long as they are used as pets or bred for pets. On the other hand, the treatment of animals raised for meat production is largely unregulated (Herzog and Golden, 2009) ie. factory farms. Factory farms; poultry-turkeys, chickens eggs, beef, pigs and dairy- their goal is to raise as much livestock in as little space as possible for as little time as possible, for as little money as possible so the bottom line is bigger. Because they are in such a small space, chickens get their beaks clipped so they don’t kill each other. When they go to slaughter, the room is darkened so they are calm ( youtube. com/watch? v=u-uYSafpKmk). Use of antibiotics is a ecessity with factory farms, to stave off disease of so many animals living so closely together. And the list of horrors grows longer. Watch a clip from this film and if you can, check it out from your local video source and watch the whole film: youtube. com/watch? v=yh8c9OUti4c In factory farms, animals are products or commodities, not animals, not pets; they have no rights. After watching some of these films, you get the sense that the world has gone askew some how. That something has gone terribly wrong. You get the feeling that animals are raised in some sort of concentration camps, tortured for life, and then killed. Is an animal raised in such a way, healthy to consume? Large corporations that run factory farms can run so cheaply that they have driven the small farmers out of business (Andre’ 2009), which is a sad derivative of factory farming. Their excuse is â€Å"Who else is going to feed the world† ( tyson. com/Consumer/CoreValues. aspx)? A hundred years ago, when people had family farms, everyone grew and raised the food they would consume. They raised their own cattle, sheep, chickens, and pigs and grew a garden. If they wanted something they weren’t raising, they often traded a neighbor for it. County fairs were a place to show off your ingenuity in farming and husbandry skills. Enter the Industrial Age and WWII. Factory’s to get food to the soldiers sprung up everywhere. Convenience food was born and embraced by the ‘modern’ woman. People moved into the city and had to buy food for the first time. People forgot about farming because they didn’t need to. There are some farmers who have stuck it out and still run their farms with humane treatment in mind. The philosophy is that happy and content animals make great food. So do we really need to eat animals anyway? With such global access to so many different kinds of food, there is absolutely no reason for westernized country’s to have to eat animals. The new food pyramid called MyPyramid (MyPyramid. org) displays 6 colored bands that represent the different food groups. The protein band, which is purple, lists not only meat and fish, but also beans, peas, nuts, seeds and eggs as protein sources. There are many meat analogues made from soybeans or wheat, which are very popular and are found in the frozen breakfast isle at your local grocers. Utilitarian’s would say, â€Å"No, there’s enough food, you on’t need to treat animals the way we’re doing for food or experiments, but it needs to be implemented in small baby steps so as not to hurt the welfare of man also (Francione, 1997). But if there are starving people in the world and they painlessly kill and eat an animal is morally permissible to do so. Tom Regan, and animal rights proponent argues that â€Å" what is important for moral consideration are not the differences between humans and non-humans but the similarities†-the ability to experience life and to care about oneself regardless of what anyone else thinks, this in and of itself deserve moral consideration (http://plato. tanford. edu/entries/moral-animal/). Animals, Regan says, have value. Consider factory farming, the most common method used to convert animal bodies into relatively inexpensive food in industrialized societies today. An estimated 8 billion animals in the United States are born, confined, biologically manipulated, transported and ultimately slaughtered each year so that humans can consume them. The conditions in which these animals are raised and the method of slaughter causes vast amounts of suffering. Given that animals suffer under such conditions and assuming that suffering is not in their interests, then the practice of factory farming would only be morally justifiable if its abolition were to cause greater suffering or a greater amount of interest frustration. Certainly humans who take pleasure in eating animals will find it harder to satisfy these interests in the absence of factory farms; it may cost more and require more effort to obtain animal products. The factory farmers, and the industries that support factory farming, will also have certain interests frustrated if factory farming were to be abolished. How much interest frustration and interest satisfaction would be associated with the end to factory farming is largely an empirical question. But utilitarians are not making unreasonable predictions when they argue that on balance the suffering and interest frustration that animals experience in modern day meat production is greater than the suffering that humans would endure if they had to alter their current practice. http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/moral-animal/ Bentham would say, because he likes quality, and if he likes meat, that it will be alright to humanely raise animals for food. He would have his servants out in the fresh hay-filled barn massaging his beef with beer like the Kobe steaks are. His barn would be cooled in summer, heated in winter to make all of his animals happy, therefore, good to eat. Because of the 7 circumstances from Bentham, he would not at all approve of factory farming, because it doesn’t start well and doesn’t end well for any of the animals involved. see Bibl. below) Deanda Jones Bibliography Western Carolina University, Journal of Social Issues, Harold A. Herzog and Lauren L. Golden Vol. 65, No. 3, 2009, pp. 485- 498, Andre Peter, Alternatives Journal Feb2009, Vol. 35 Issue 1, p14-17, 4p youtube. com/watch? v=u-uYSafpKmk youtube. com/watch? v=yh8c9OUti4c mypyramid. org tyson. com/Consumer/CoreValues. aspx) Animal Rights Theory and Utilitarianism: Relative Normative Guidance, Gary L. Francione, 3 Animal L. 75 (1997) Publish Date: 1997 Place of Publication: Lewis amp; Clark Law School

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